The Issues of Family Law in Australia and New Zealand Assignment

The Issues of Family Law in Australia and New Zealand - Assignment Example The Government riposte that cohabitants should marry misses the point. All cohabitants need to be quite clear as to whether they have any beneficial interest in a property and how to secure it. In Australia3 and New Zealand4 unmarried cohabitants' rights are recognized by legislation, common law, and equity. The principle of unjust enrichment has been utilized in both these countries and Canada.5 Domestic duties alone have never sufficed in English law to found a claim for a beneficial share, whilst they do in Canada under the concept of the remedial constructive trust. Hence in Peter v Beblow6 a woman who cared for her own and her partner's children did the housework and contributed money to the housekeeping was able to keep the house under a constructive trust on the basis that her partner would otherwise be unjustly enriched by her services. In Hammon v Mitchell7- an English case - a woman who did unpaid work for her partner, raised their children and maintained the home as well as supporting him in his speculative ventures failed to acquire any beneficial share. Remedial trusts are imposed where there is a direct link between substantial indirect contributions and the acquisition or improvement of property; otherwise, compensation could be available on a quantum meruit basis. The 'trustee' has a duty to convey the property to the claimant who sues on quasi-contractual gr ounds.   In order to establish an unjust enrichment claim, there needs to be evidence of  enrichment, a corresponding deprivation, and the absence of any juristic reason for the enrichment. Examples of enrichment include household expenses, domestic work and repairs, and maintenance. The courts have not accepted willing assistance.

Phyiscal and chemical control of growth and viabilty Essay - 1

Phyiscal and chemical control of growth and viabilty - Essay Example Environmental requirements are particularly physical conditions that affect the amount and type of microbial growth. For example, activities of enzymes are dependent on environmental temperature. Microorganisms are also classified into groups based on their preferred environmental temperature. For example: thermophilic organisms, thermophiles prefer very high temperatures of above 400; mesophilic organisms, mesophiles grow well in temperatures of 200 to 400; while psychrophiles, psychrophilic organisms prefer relatively low temperatures. However, a range of maximum or minimum growth temperature exists for every individual species. The best growth occurs at optimum growth temperature (Singh, 2010). Another environmental requirement for microbial growth is the extent of alkalinity or acidity of the habitat, also referred to as a pH solution. Most of the microorganisms prefer an optimum pH of between 6.5 and 7.5. The tissues of the human body is between 7.0 and 7.2, therefore neutrophilic microorganisms often grow in the body very well. Other microorganisms such as those in yoghut and sauerkraut which are acidophilic grow well in acidic environment of below 6.0, for example yeast and molds. Microbial growth also does well where osmotic pressure is idyllic. In most cases, the concentration of salt in microbial cytoplasm is around one percent. Where there is one percent concentration of salt in the environment, the osmotic pressure is at optimum. In case the salt concentration rise in the external environment, water will definitely flow out of the cytoplasm through osmosis via cell membrane to the environment resulting into shrinking of the microorganism, and ultimately death. In contrary, where external water has minimal salt, water flows into the cytoplasm through the cell membrane resulting into cell swelling and ultimately burst. Conclusively, microorganisms living in